Lecture Notes for Digital Electronics PDF ebook by Raymond E. Frey free download and view online.
Book Description :::::…
By converting continuous analog signals into a finite number of discrete states, a process called digitization, then to the extent that the states are sufficiently well separated that noise creates errors, the resulting digital signals allow for the following (slightly idealized):
• storage for arbitrary periods of time
• seamless retrieval and playback of stored information
• impeccable transmission of information
Some information is inherently digital, so it is natural to process and manipulate it using purely digital techniques. Examples are numbers and words. The drawback of digitization is that a single analog signal (for example, a voltage that is a function of time, like a stereo signal) needs many discrete states, or bits, to give satisfactory playback. For example, it requires a minimum of 10 bits to determine a voltage at any given time with an accuracy of ≈ 0.1%. For transmission, now 10 are required lines instead of the original single analog line. The explosion of digital techniques and technologies has been made possible by the incredible increase in the density of digital circuits, their robust performance, their relatively low cost, and its speed. The requirement to use many bits in playback is no longer an issue: The more the better.
This circuit is based on the transistor, which can be operated as a switch with two states Therefore, digital information is inherently binary. So, in practice, the terms digital and binary are used interchangeably. In the following sections we summarize some
conventions for defining binary states and for doing binary arithmetic.
1.1 Binary logic states
The following table tries to make correspondences between conventions to define binary logic states. In the case of the TTL logic gates that we will use in the laboratory, the Low the voltage state is approximately 0 to 1 volts and the high state is approximately 2.5 to 5 volts. See page 475 of the text of the exact conventions for TTL, as well as other hardware gate technologies.
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